Selasa, 27 Juli 2010

Peristiwa: Apa dan Kapan ( 1933 - 1964 )

1933 Kue coklat chip ditemukan oleh Ruth Wakefield. Pelarangan minuman keras dihapus pada tanggal 5 February - ada 1,5 juta barel bir yang diminum pada malam itu. Adolf Hitler menjadi pemimpin Jerman.

1934 Binatu pertama yang bernama "washeteria" dibuka di Texas. Seorang insiyur Inggris menemukan "mata kucing" untuk rambu jalan. Charles Darrow menemukan permainan monopoli. Carl Kaelen memperkenalkan cheeseburger pada restoran burger miliknya di Louisville, Kentucky.

1935 Wallace Carother memimpin ilmuwan DuPont untuk menemukan nilon, dan menyebutnya "polymer 6.6." Penguin Books diluncurkan oleh percetakan The Bodley Head. Alat bantu pendengaran diluncurkan. Kreugers meluncurkan produk bir dalam kemasan kaleng.

1936 Volkswagen Beetle diluncurkan. Majalah Billboard memuat "hit parade" yang pertama. Seorang Jerman yang bernama Heinrich Focke membuat helikopter pertama yang suksesdapat terbang, yaitu FA61. Raja Edward VIII mengumukan secara resmi untuk menikahi janda cerai dua kali berkebangsaan Amerika yang bernama Wallis Simpson.

1937 Nomor panggilan darurat untuk bantuan polisi - 999 -diluncurkan di London. Humphrey Bogart membintangi 8 filmtahun ini. Jembatan Golden Gate dibuka untuk umum. Hormel meluncurkan produk daging babi dan ham dalam kaleng, yang dinamakan Spam.

1938 Perusahaan Swiss yang bernama Nestle memperkenalkan produk kopi instan, Nescafe (baca tentang kopi). Keranjang belanja pasar swalayan diperkenalkan di Oklahoma. Maiden menerbangkan pesawat terbang bertekanan, Boeing Stratoliner. Roy Plunkett menemukan Teflon. Chester Carlson menemukan proses mesin fotokopi, "xerography." Debut tokoh Superman debuts dalam sebuah komik laga.

1939 Pecahnya Perang Dunia II. Frank J Whittle menemukan mesin. Robert Watson-Watt menemukan sistem radar. Nash memperkenalkan mobil yang dilengkapi sistem pendingin udara (AC). General Electric meluncurkan produk kulkas dengan ruangan pembeku es. Igor Sikorsky memenangkan perkelahian di dalam helikopter VS300-nya. "Gone with the wind" difilmkan.

1940 Kebang gula M&M diluncurkan sebagai komsumsi militer. Resep makanan Kolonel Sanders' diluncurkan oleh Kentucky Fried Chicken. Stoking Nilon diperkenalkan. Proses pepbekuan kering ditemukan. CBS membuat film berwarna untuk televisi yang pertamakalinya di dunia. Debut Bugs Bunny dalam judul "A wild hare."

1941 Jepang menyerang pelabuhan Pearl Harbour yang menyeret Amerika Serikat untuk turut dalam kancah Perang Dunia II. Kendaraan Willys General Purpose , atau GP (kemudian dikenal sebaga "jeep") diperkenalkan oleh perusahaan Bantam Car Co. Di New York, WNBT menjadi stasiun radio komersial yang pertama. Obat serangga aerosol muali dipasarkan di Amerika Serikat.

1942 Tony the Tiger debuts as mascot for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes. Earl Tupper uses polyethylene to create Tupperware. A sell-by-date is first used - on Lyons Coffee in Britain. Glenn Miller receives the first gold disc for selling a million copies of Chattanooga Choo Choo. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi launches the first controlled nuclear chain reaction at the University of Chicago.

1943 Irish chef Joe Sheridan introduces Irish Coffee at Shannon Airport, Ireland. Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally discovers the hallucinogenic properties of LSD. In Britain, a 1,500-valve electronic machine, called Colossus, becomes the first programmable or digital computer, used to decode German messages.

1944 Allied D-Day landings at Normandy, France break German defences. "The Three Caballeros" by Walt Disney becomes the first film to combine live action and animation. Hungarian journalist Laszlo Biro invents ballpoint pens. Elizabeth Taylor stars in "National Velvet", filmed in California where Taylor was living as a war evacuee.

1945 German forces finally surrender in May. The US drops atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender. 35 million people were killed in WWII, 18 million were from Russia. UN is founded, as is the IMF (International Monetary Fund). Percy LeBaron Spencer invents the microwave oven. "Coke" is registered as a trademark by the Coca-Cola company.

1946 Enrico Piaggio launches the Vespa scooter in Italy. Louis Reard introduces the bikini swimsuit in Paris, modelled by Micheline Bernardini. Proctor & Gamble launches Tide. Cannes Film Festival is launched. The Electronic Numerial Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) at the University of Pennsylvania, with 18,000 electronic valves, performs 5,000 additions or subtractions per second. The world's first nuclear reactor is opened in the USSR.

1947 Edwin H Land invents the Polaroid instant camera, which prints black-and-white photos in 60 seconds. First solid-body electric guitar is built by Les Paul. AT&T invents cell phone (became commercial only 1983). Chuck Yeager breaks the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 rocket plane. The Edinburgh Festival is launched. Mikhail Kalashnikov invents the AK-47. The Dead Sea Scrolls are discovered by a Bedouin shepherd in Jordan - dating from the 1st century, they are in Aramaic, the language of Jesus, and Hebrew. The 400 scrolls contain fragments of every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther.

1948 Israel established. Kenneth Wood launches the Kenwood Chef food mixer, and Daimler introduces electric windows in cars. Robert Hope-Jones invents the Wurlitzer jukebox. Columbia Records introduces long-playing record, LP. Bell laboratories displays the first transistor.

1949 In Britain, Robinson's launches the world's first disposable nappies, "Paddipads". De Havilland Comet is the first jet airliner. Israel's capital move from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Birth of the People's Republic of China. NATO founded. Republic of Ireland founded.The first Emmy is awarded.

1950 Otis invents the passenger lift. Charles Schultz launches "Peanuts". Mr Potato Head debuts. Diners Club issues the first credit card. Korean war erupts. Danish doctor Christian Hamburger performs the first sex change operation on New Yorker George Jargensen, who becomes Christine Jargensen.

1951 First Miss World contest is held at the Lyceum theatre in London, won by Miss Sweden. John Paul Getty becomes the richest man. Zenith Radio Corp introduces cable television. Chrysler introduces power steering. First space flight by living creatures when US sends 4 monkeys into the stratosphere. Remington Rand launches the first commercially available computer, the Univac 1.

1952 M&R Labs introduce the first coffee creamer, "Pream". Kirsch launches the first diet soft drink, "No-Cal Ginger Ale". Car safety belts introduced. BOAC starts first jet passenger service. Sony invents pocket-sized transistor radio. Ian Fleming's James Bond debuts in novel "Casino Royale".

1953 US physiologist Ancel Keys suggests link between heart disease and high fat diet. Dr James Watson discovers the structure of DNA. Playboy magazine is launched. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reach summit of Mount Everest. Baron Bich launches Bic ballpoint in France. Queen Elizabeth II crowned.

1954 Oxford student Roger Bannister breaks the 4-minute mile. Elvis Presley debuts with "That's all right, Mamma." Racial segregation in US schools banned. Nuclear power station begins production in Obninsk, USSR. First mass-produced computer by IBM, installing 120 "650's". Ray Kroc start McDonalds.

1955 Guinness Book of Records is published. Clean Air Act is passed in Britain. Walt Disney opens Disneyland in Anaheim, California.

1956 CIA launches the U-2 spy plane. Swiss Georges de Metral perfects Velcro. John Bachus and his IBM team invent FORTRAN, the first high-level programming language.

1957 USSR launches the Sputnik satellite into space. The EEC, European Economic Community, founded. The Medical Research Council links lung cancer with smoking.

1958 Yves Saint Laurent holds his first fashion show in Paris. Danish toymakers Ole and Godtfred Kirk Christiansen launches Lego. Bill and Mark Richards of California invents the skateboard. Australian David Warren invents the black box flight recorder. NASA founded. Jack Kilby from Texas and Robert Noyce from California invents the integrated circuit at the same time! However, their idea is not new - Briton GW Dummer had suggested such a design in 1952.

1959 First pictures of dark side of the moon by Luna III. Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba. Alec Issigonis's Morris Mini is launched. Haloid launches the first copier, the "Xerox 914," able to reproduce documents at the press of a button. Briton Christopher Cockerell launches the hovercraft. Ermal Cleon Fraze invents the easy-open can. First Daytona 500 takes place, won by Lee Petty in an Oldsmobile. The Beatles form. Barbie doll debuts, after she started life years earlier as Lilli.

1960 US submarine Triton makes the first round the world undersea voyage. Two hackers from MIT create the first computer video game, Spacewar. "Ben Hur" is awarded 10 Oscars. Largest earthquake recorded in Chili.

1961 Yuri Gagarin the first man in space. A coup, backed by the CIA and President John F Kennedy, fails at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Russia starts building the Berlin Wall. Bob Dylan plays his first gig, in New York. World Wildlife Fund founded. Weight Watchers founded by 97kg (214 lb) Jean Nidetch.

1962 The Beatles debut with "Love me do". John Glenn becomes first American in space. Dow Corp invent silicone breast implants. Ivan Sutherland demonstrates Sketchpad, the first programme to use windows, icons, and a light pen. In "the Cuban crisis," Khrushchev removes Russian nuclear missiles from Cuba, but only after Kennedy agrees to remove US missiles from Turkey.

1963 President John F Kennedy tewas dibunuh. Ursula Andress terpilih dalam uji bintang 'panas' untuk berperan dalam film "Four for Texas". Velentina Rereshlova menjadi wanita pertama di luar angkasa dalam pesawat Vostok 6. Telepon dengan tombol pencet diperkenalkan pertama kalinya. First TV instant replay is shown in the US during a football game between the Army and the Navy.

1964 GI Joe doll debuts. The Beatles occupy the Billboard Top Five. Verbands Molkerei introduces long-life milk in Switzerland. John Kemeny dan Thomas Kurtz mengembangkan bahasa di Dartmouth College.

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